SELECT DISTINCT column1,column2 FROM table_name WHERE where_conditions; mysql> select distinct sex,age from student; +--------+------+ | sex | age | +--------+------+ | male | 10 | | female | 12 | | male | 11 | | male | NULL | | female | 11 | +--------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
group by
对于基础去重来说,group by的使用和distinct类似:
单列去重
语法:
1
SELECT columns FROM table_name WHERE where_conditions GROUP BY columns;
执行:
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mysql> select age from student group by age; +------+ | age | +------+ | 10 | | 12 | | 11 | | NULL | +------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
多列去重
语法:
1
SELECT columns FROM table_name WHERE where_conditions GROUP BY columns;
执行:
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mysql> select sex,age from student group by sex,age; +--------+------+ | sex | age | +--------+------+ | male | 10 | | female | 12 | | male | 11 | | male | NULL | | female | 11 | +--------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> select sex,age from student group by sex; +--------+-----+ | sex | age | +--------+-----+ | male | 10 | | female | 12 | +--------+-----+ 2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
GROUP BY implicitly sorts by default (that is, in the absence of ASC or DESC designators for GROUP BY columns). However, relying on implicit GROUP BY sorting (that is, sorting in the absence of ASC or DESC designators) or explicit sorting for GROUP BY (that is, by using explicit ASC or DESC designators for GROUP BY columns) is deprecated. To produce a given sort order, provide an ORDER BY clause.
大致解释一下:
GROUP BY 默认隐式排序(指在 GROUP BY 列没有 ASC 或 DESC 指示符的情况下也会进行排序)。然而,GROUP BY进行显式或隐式排序已经过时(deprecated)了,要生成给定的排序顺序,请提供 ORDER BY 子句。
Previously (MySQL 5.7 and lower), GROUP BY sorted implicitly under certain conditions. In MySQL 8.0, that no longer occurs, so specifying ORDER BY NULL at the end to suppress implicit sorting (as was done previously) is no longer necessary. However, query results may differ from previous MySQL versions. To produce a given sort order, provide an ORDER BY clause.
大致解释一下:
从前(Mysql5.7版本之前),Group by会根据确定的条件进行隐式排序。在mysql 8.0中,已经移除了这个功能,所以不再需要通过添加order by null 来禁止隐式排序了,但是,查询结果可能与以前的 MySQL 版本不同。要生成给定顺序的结果,请按通过ORDER BY指定需要进行排序的字段。
因此,我们的结论也出来了:
在语义相同,有索引的情况下:
group by和distinct都能使用索引,效率相同。因为group by和distinct近乎等价,distinct可以被看做是特殊的group by。
在语义相同,无索引的情况下:
distinct效率高于group by。原因是distinct 和 group by都会进行分组操作,但group by在Mysql8.0之前会进行隐式排序,导致触发filesort,sql执行效率低下。